Gas and Soft Drinks Essay Example for Free

Gas and Soft Drinks Essay1- That would be inelastic. Even though people gripe about the rising de boundines, that doesnt reveal people from stopping by the gas pumps to fill up. Elastic is more like plunderdy bars or soda if priced at 50 cents, there testament be high involve, barely if the price rises to 2 dollars, the demand will go down. Because there are many alternative brands for Coca weed that have more or less the same taste. When the price of coca cola rises, demand decreases because consumers will find alternative brands that taste the same but at a lower price, therefore demand is elastic. Demand for soft drink as a whole is inelastic because whether or not the price increases/decreases, demand would not decrease/increase by a whole lot, since its the consumers preferred choice of drinks (just like milk is inelastic). Just because the price increases, doesnt mean that consumers will start to drink water all the time, theyll just drink less amounts of soft drin k than usual (and vice versa). Elastic means by increase the price, the demand for that product decreases as well.For example when the price of lamb increases, people will shift to chicken. We say the demand for lamb is elastic. Inelastic means, no progeny how much the price changes, people still use it and the demand doesnt change a lot. Same as your example, Although the vegetable oil price increases, but the demand for oil didnd decrease. 2-petrol is also sold from especialy designed petrol pumps which costly to buld and operate . in the other hand coke and soft carbonated drinks is sold everywhere and can be sold to anyway and any gae. patrol selling you must be an adult and hold a drivers licience .Gas in the long term has higher elasticity of demand. meaning since in short term people do not have much choice,so they consume whatever is available at whatever price. 3- the coke is advertosed on over hundered tv channels around the world and it is the best known trademark in th e world is sold in about one hundred and forty countries to 5. 8 billion people in eight different languguages .The cross price elasity of demand would be for the coca cola since the demand for it is growing A third example of cross-price elasticity is between Coke and Pepsi. If the price of Coke increases by 10%, then the demand for Pepsi will increase by 20%.This results in a cross price elasticity between the two of 2. Like the example above, these two would be substitues since the cross-price elasticity is greater than zero. http//mbaecon. wikispaces. com/file/view/cross_2. gif/30502983/cross_2. gif.

Explain Each of the Terms Essay Example for Free

Explain Each of the ground EssayExplain Each of the Terms Speech, Language, Communication and Speech Language and Communication Needs. Explain each of the terms speech, language, communication, speech, language and communication needs. EYMP5 (1. 1)The dictionary explanation of speech is The expression of or the qualification to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds or A persons style of speaking To speak is to tangiblely be able to produce the individual sounds and sound patterns of our language, or articulate, to be able to produce speech with appropriate rhythm, and free of stuttering behaviour, and to produce speech with an appropriate vocal quality for age and sex. While speech involves the physical motor ability to talk, language is a symbolic, rule governed system used to convey a message. In English, the symbols can be words, either spoken or written.We also have gestural symbols, like shrugging our shoulders to indicate I dont know or waving to indicate B ye Bye or the raising of our eye brows to show that we are surprised by something. Language can be defined as being made up of socially shared rules that include the following What words mean (e. g. , star can refer to a bright object in the night sky or a celebrity) How to make hot words (e. g. , friend, friendly, unfriendly) How to put words together (e. g. , Peg walked to the new store rather than Peg walk store new)What word combinations are best in what situations (Would you mind moving your foot? could quickly change to Get off my foot, please if the first request did not produce results) You can have language without having speech. Though speech and language are related, you do not have to have speech to have a language. How? The best example of this is the use of Sign Language. Communication is the process of conveying a message or meaning to establish a shared instinct to others. You dont need speech or a shared language to communicate. How? Lets say you decide on a voy age to Rome, but you dont speak one word of Italian. You get off your plane, and you want to pick up your continues

Interpersonal Relationships: Advantages and Disadvantages

Interpersonal Relationships Advantages and DisadvantagesTiffany SteeplesInterpersonal RelationshipsInterpersonal relationships atomic number 18 one of the most important things we provoke, and our ability to form meaningful relationships, rest mostly on your interpersonal communication competencies (DeVito, pg. 196). The advantages of relationships often outweigh the disadvantages but to form more than meaningful relationships, to keep them, or even to dissolve them and maintain worked up health at the end of a relationship one must be able to evaluate the stages of relationships and their importance (Hamlett).A good way to run across the study of interpersonal relationships is to take a look at your own relationships, whether past, present or even the type of relationship you want in your future. focal point on your own relationships much(prenominal) as friendships, romantic relationships, your family, or your work relationships buttocks explain a big bucks about whether y our relationships fail or succeed. study advantages of having interpersonal relationships arYou lessen your loneliness (DeVito pg. 196). When you feel like someone cares or loves you and is there to protect you, you feel less lonely.Gaining a self-k right offledge and having the self think up you need through contact with differents help oneselfs you to see things through different perspectives. Placing yourself in different roles can strengthen the availability of so many relationships pull up stakes help you to focus on viewingyourself and your relationship.Healthy interpersonal relationships also help enhance self-esteem and self-worth (DeVito pg. 196). Having that one friend or that one romantic match leave behind make you feel more worthy and more desirable. DeVito states that research shows that without interpersonal relationships, you are more likely to be make sense depressed and by get depressed, interpersonal relationships can contribute to physical illness (DeVit o pg, 197). Not only can you become depressed, but relationships can also contribute to high crease pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, or lack of physical exercise (DeVito pg. 197).With having those good friends, youre able to maximize your pleasure and they help to minimize your pain. For example, when losing a job, your friends are suppositious to make you feel less hurt when unexpected confrontations arrive. Friends are there to help and will make you feel purify whether it be good password or bad news.The last advantage of interpersonal relationships, human contact is one of the best ways to secure the intellectual, physical and emotional stimulation that we tout ensemble go through (DeVito pg. 197). DeVito also states that even having an imaginary friend is better than not having a friend at all.The advantages all seem to have a good effect on a person who is involved with interpersonal relationships and understanding all of these things will help us to determine how far our relationships will go.The disadvantages of Interpersonal relationships are di politiced through what most people would consider to be disadvantages.People conclude that close relationships puts pressure on you to reveal yourself and to infract your vulnerabilities (DeVito pg. 197). I find this to be true, especially with friendships because you can know and find out so much about a person andthen as soon as the relationship deteriorates, the relationship may backfire and all of your personal information becomes a weakness that is use against you.Close relationships may adjoin your obligations towards others. This means that your time becomes their time as well. Not only your time is felt obligated but even possibly your monetary obligations become divided up and you may not be too excited about sharing your time or your finances.While building close relationships, other relationships you may have may start to feel abandon. I believe this to be true, especially if yo ur building a romantic relationship that may require a lot more of your time and your friends are not as supportive or understanding. Your friendships can become abandoned. Relationships take a lot of both, time and energy, and you have to be willing to sacrifice which relationships are more important or even better, learn to balance the two different relationships to make sure everyone is happy.The closer your relationships, the more emotionally difficult they are to dissolve (DeVito pg. 197). It is whole lot harder to rid a relationship that you have put forth time, emotional strength, and even financial stability. This can cause depression or distress that some people dislike to face. The last disadvantage of having interpersonal relationships is thatYour spark offner may break your tenderness (DeVito pg. 197). After all of the time and different things that you could possible put forth to make a relationship work, it could all backfire and against all pleas and promises your w hole vitality could change. If you care a great deal, youre likely to experience a great hurt if you care less, the hurt will be less (DeVito pg. 197).To better understand interpersonal relationships, you must also understand the relationship stages. The six stages are the significant stages you may go through as you try to happen upon your relationship goals (DeVito pg. 198). The six stages which are Contact, Involvement, Intimacy, Repair, Deterioration and Dissolution are use for all types of relationships including friendships, love relationships and even online relationships. Contact is the first stage that includes perceptual contact. perceptual contact allows you to see what the person looks like, what they sound like and even what they smell like (DeVito pg. 199). After perceptual contact there is interactional contact in which you are interacting with the person. This type of contact can be nonverbal by exchanging winks and smiles and also allows the person to learn inform ation about the other person. DeVito states, that it is during this stage, that your may inform interaction and engage in invitational communication (DeVito pg. 199). The involvement stage is the second stage in which a sense of mutuality, of being connected, develops (DeVito pg. 199). During this stage your empathizing more with each other and you are committing to getting to know the person at an even better level than the contact stage. It is during this engagement stage that you begin to express your feelings and thoughts by being honest. Your communication with each other becomes more personal. Within this stage you have the interpersonal commitment phase which allows you to commit yourselves to each other in a more private way and then there is the social bonding phase that allows commitment that is made more publically. It is also during the intimacy stage the two becomes a unit, a couple or a pair. The deterioration stage is the stage where the bonds begin to become weaken ed. When the reasons for coming together are no longer present or things may take a drastic change, then the relationships deteriorates (DeVito pg. 202). The repair stages has different phases that itconsiders the first phase is the intrapersonal repair. This is when you analyze what hardly went wrong and you may consider ways of solving your deflexions. During the interpersonal repair, you may discuss the problems of your relationship and what can be done to fix whatever the problems. DeVito states that you can look at the strategies for repairing a relationship in terms of the word REPAIR (DeVito pg. 203). To break down the word REPAIR, it means to Recognize the problem, Engage in productive conflict resolution, Pose possible solutions, Affirm each other, Integrate solutions into your life and Risk. The last stage in the dissolution stage, the stage is the cutting turned of the bonds that tie you together, whether in a friendship or romantic relationship. DeVito gives some sugge stions for dealing with dissolution. He suggest that you should break the loneliness-depression cycle, take time out, bolster self-esteem, explore the support or others and to avoid repeating negative patterns (DeVito pg. 204).Interpersonal relationships are something that we all as people have to and will experience. Professor Ralph Hamlett states that we must think about that all relationships are dynamic, meaning that they change (Hamlett). In order to accommodate these changes, we must all be aware of the change and how we are going to adapt. whole kit CitedDeVito, Joseph A., Interpersonal Messages Communication and Relationship Skills,3rd ed. (BostonPearson, 2014).RalphHamlett. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Oct. 2014.Why is Hamlett Timeless?Why is Hamlett Timeless?Shakespeares Hamlet is exemplary of the universal nature, which, despite the passage of time still holds its textual integrity. As Hamletis not limited by contextual barriers multiple interpretations are plausible through the t exts ability to be re-contextualised. The thematic representations of love, spring and the central theme of life and death continue to hold significance to audiences and propose an understanding of the mental instability of the human condition. The themes will be highlighted in this response in order to expose Hamlets transcendent nature.Political instability and Power through matters of Corruption are timeless and can be express during the Elizabethan Era of Hamlet. Corruption is epitomised in Hamlet through the character of Claudius who used the ambiguous method of murdering King Hamlet to satisfy his obsession for power. Claudiuss culpable and cosset rise to power is illustrated in Act 1 scene 5 as King Hamlet states, The serpent that did sting thy fathers life now wears his crown. The metaphoric language present exemplifies Claudiuss unjust rise to power. Claudius has used corruption at the detriment of justice and virtue to proclaim power within Denmark. Furthermore, Claudi us corrupt rise to power is further cemented into the kingdom of Denmark through Hippocratic characters such as Polonius and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. This can be reinforced as Hamlet states, there are many confines, wards and dungeons Denmark being one oth worst. The extended metaphor of imprisonment not only encapsulates his view of Claudiuss corrupt kingdom but represents his feelings of being entrapped in an runny political monarch. Therefore political instability and power occur through matters of corruption.Central to Hamlets development is the themes of intricacies of the human condition thus being life and death. Shakespeares custom of soliloquies depicts Hamlet thoughts and feelings strengthing Hamlets as a truth teller. This dramatic technique is used to reveals admiration of his father in contrast to Claudius. A hostile Hamlet illustrates the difference between the two kings, his deceased father and Claudius through the anthropomorphic allusion of his father to Clau dius in being as Hyperion as the satyr. Thus suggesting Claudius who appears regal to be in reality like that of a lustfulness beast while his father to be that of a loyal God. The iambic pentameter present in the most part of the soliloquy is heavily disregarded as this line extends to fifteen syllables as to implore Hamlets distress. His turbulent response is furthermore illustrated by the enjambment which closely follows in the soliloquy indicating struggle to control his emotions. Imagery displays greater meaning in the death of his Hamlets father. tis an unweeded garden, that grows to seed symbolises that the thrown has been overtook by weeds, that is Claudius, after what was before has died. Shakespeare imagery used allows the audience to view Hamlets thoughts graphically of the truth of the fratricide and incest in Elsinore.Shakespeares use of soliloquies reveals Hamlets thoughts into life and death and reveals the weight of the contemplation in this stream of consciousness. The speech is compose in a fractured, fragmented manner which is symbolic of Hamlets internal struggle. Emphasis is placed upon the second last syllable rather than the last syllable, which draws upon the tradition of feminine hoar further elucidating Hamlets inner turmoil. Anadiplosis is evident in the metonymic chain in this soliloquy between the association of sleeping with death. The use of metonymy stresses the introspection of Hamlet, as it is a technique often used to convey thought processes, as thinking is an associative practice. Shakespeare suggests through the characterisation of Hamlet that the fear of what will come after death makes individuals suffer the corrupt world as suicide would mean eternal damnation. This is again reflected in his statement, Thus consciousness does make cowards of all. touchingly highlighting Hamlets inability to execute his reprisal and his struggle to turn his desire for revenge into action, accentuating his restraint due to the fear of what his future will hold after death.regrettably poor Yorick Iknew him / Horatio a transcendent quotation and is a famous reflection on the fragility of life. It is in this soliloquy where Shakespeare reveals Hamlets intelligence, emotional complexity into the fate of us all as the themes of life and death follow on into his stream of consciousness.Hamlet is a play which both, reflects its own context and resonates with modern audiences. Through exploring themes such as the love, power and most highly life and death. Hamlet educates the modern responder about the Shakespearean context and allows them to relate to universal these themes. This combination will ensure that the text continues to be valued as significant through numerous contexts.

Chassis Strength Is Important Aspect Engineering Essay

Chassis Strength Is Important Aspect Engineering tasteChassis ramp is classical aspect that needs to be con spotred in the study of a road vehicle institution. Chassis or frames are the master(prenominal) social structure for road vehicle mark. Since the force of chassis screwing be egressed on stability and safety of vehicle. Because about of cut are in full distribute on the chassis. Its depart be make up some critical point due to section that have to a greater extent shoot down over the channelise section especi altogethery driver weight.This chapter introduce about the epitome of members under axial laden, beams, and frames. geomorphological members and machine components are gener exclusivelyy subject to a push-pull, deflexion or twisting type of loading.Beams play signifi open firet roles in many engineering application, including building, bridges, automobiles and airplane structures. Beams are commonly subjected to transverse loading, which is a type o f loading that creates bend dexter in the beam. The definition of beam is a cross-sectional dimension of structural member that are relatively sm aller than its length. A beam subjected to a distributed load is sayn in act 1.1.formulation to generate exhaustible element perplexs. However, the axial loading is square offd as a keyar element for the structure. For display case in this section is employed to introduce the basic ideas of one dimensional element and shape function. Steel columns are commonly used to support heaps from various floors of structural. The loading from the floors causes vertical displacements of various points along the column.Nowadays, with the high level of CAD to construct, added with a computational technique in simulation and greater savvy in finite element compend will armed service engineers to produce a much efficient in chassis building which is have clear weight but have sufficient strength. This method also sens improve of motor c ar from any actor such as twisting or actually have some deformation to the chassis. abridgment of strength chassis of car is the best answer to solve this problem. A UiTM causa Eco-Sprint car which will participate in Shell Eco Marathon Asia 2012 was selected in this study to investigate about their chassis strength and each critical point that have for either chassis section. This project will focus on the mortal Element Analysis (FEA) outline as a method to analyze the strength trait of the car traffic pattern with different of chassis types. After that, the obtained result will be compared each other to choose which are the best strength chassis.The competitor is split into two relegatees. The Prototype class focuses on maximum efficiency, while passenger comfort proceedss a back seat. The Urban Concept class encourages more practical designs. Cars enter one of seven categories to run on conventional petrol and diesel, biofuels, fuel made from natural gas (GTL), hydro gen, solar or electricity. over several days, teams substantiate as many attempts as possible to travel the furthest on the equivalent of one litre of fuel. Cars drive a doctor number of laps around the circuit at a nonplus speed. Organisers calculate their push button efficiency and name a winner in each class and for each energy source. The scopes of safety, teamwork, design, and technical innovation will be including in mark for this competition.The competition inspires the engineers of the future to turn their vision of sustainable mobility into reality, if only for a few days. It also sparks passionate debate about what could one day be possible for cars on the road.1.3 Problem statementWhen Formula 1 began in early 1950s, most of Europe racing teams used basic space frame chassis(Figure 1.2),that formed from the comprised of a series beams to be the complete shape of the car and consist of the engine, suspension, driver, and other vehicle sub-system. One of the main advant ages of development the space frame design is its easy and logical construction process, of which git be performed by student with intermediate knowledge and picture using basic welding and metal working equipment.For the UITM Shell Eco-Sprint car, we choose space frame chassis as our type chassis design. The chassis must have the best possible strength to minimize deformation to vehicle and consequently make the chassis more safety from any dangerous. And also prevent from any crack happen to the chassis.In early stage, the chassis is designed with a lot of weakness in terms of strength of stuff and nonsenses. This is because the load applied to the chassis is different from many directions. As example the driver load, tires holder, engine load. The entire factor will effect to the chassis strength and can make some deformation for any critical point.This project UiTM Shell Eco-Sprint will be pour downed with design and casting the car chassis using CAD bundle (SOLIDWORKS 20 10). This research will focuses on 3D analysis. After the design is completed, it will be go done with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) modelling and participation optimization. The kind, focussing and deformation of the chassis will be investigated and analyzed by using application in Solidwork package package.The get to, stress and deformation of the chassis also will be investigated and analyzed by using application in Abaqus software. Besides that, there have two draftsmanship with different construction. The drawing is modelling by using Solidworks software. First, the beam of chassis constructed with the tube hollow without any modification to the beam surface. For the second, the beam of chassis was constructed with the very(prenominal) tube hollow but has some modification with horizontal holes along the beam structure as in picture 1.3. This two sample analysis will analyzed by using ABAQUS software and compared which one less deformation or the hole can make much cr itical strength or can increase the deformation of the chassis.The parametric study for this project is thickness and holes diameter of hollow tube.1.3 Objective of researchTo ensure the successfulness of this research, the quarry must be achieved. Theobjective of this research is as follow1) To reduce weight and making components more compact.2) To improve the strength and rigidity characteristics.3) To obtain the take down weight chassis but have sufficient strength.2.0 IntroductionFinite Element Analysis (FEA) consists of a calculating machine model of a design or real that is analyzed purposely to get a specific result. It is widely applied in a new product design, and existing product. A confederation is able to verify a proposed design will be able to perform to the clients specifications prior to manufacturing or construction 1. Modifying an existing product or structure is utilized to qualify the product or structure for a new service condition. In case of structural fa ilure, FEA whitethorn be used to help determine the design modifications to meet the new condition 1.Nowadays, many of industry have analyzed by using 2D modelling and 3D modelling. term 2-D modelling conserves simplicity and allows the analysis to be run on a relatively expression data processor, it tends to yield less accurate results 1. 3-D modelling, however, produces more accurate results while sacrificing the ability to run on all but the fas rivulet computers effectively 1. Inside each of these modelling schemes, the programmer can close in various functions to make the system perform linearly or non-linearly. Linear systems are far less complex and generally do not take into account pliable deformation while non-linear systems do account for plastic deformation, and many also are capable of rilling a hooey all the way to fracture 1.2.1 How does Finite Element Analysis work.Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is one of the most common examples of engineering analysis and one of most commonly used and powerful feature of the CAD software. It can be applied in structural and FEA usually used in problems where analytical base not easily obtained. To carry out the analysis of the object by using FEA, the object is dividing into finite number of small elements of shapes uniform rectangular or triangular.FEA used as a complex system of points called nodes which make a grid called a profits 1. This mesh is programmed to contain the material and structural properties which define how the structure will react to certain loading conditions. Nodes are assigned at a certain density throughout the material depending on the pass judgment stress levels of a particular area 1. Regions which will receive large amounts of stress usually have a higher node density than those which experience little or no stress. Points of interest may consist of fracture point of previously tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and high stress areas 1. The mesh acts like a spider web in that from each node, there extends a mesh element to each of the adjacent nodes. This web of vectors is what carries the material properties to the object, creating many elements 1. The frame 2.1 below show the sample of meshing step2.2 Advantages of Finite Element AnalysisThe Finite Element Analysis is very important for every design. A new design may be modelled to determine its real world behaviour under a multiplicity of load category hence it can be adjusted earlier to the design of drawings. There have many of advantages by using Finite Element Analysis.Firstly, it is very important tools for stress and strain analysis because it provides accurate information. Once a detailed CAD model has been developed, FEA can analyze the design in detail, saving time and money by reducing the number of prototypes required 2. and so, this method can help to modify an existing product which is experiencing a field problem, or is simply being improved, can be analyzed to spee d an engineering change and reduce its cost 2. That is the case of study where some analysis are run in the computer to see how the occurrence of a stress concentrator affects the behaviour of the elements. If the concentration is high, the element can be modified with ease and the subjected to analysis again, and depending on the result, a conclusiveness has to be taken to see if it needs more changes.The combination of the software with other types of software is a very useful tool because the programme of the finite element analysis allows the designer to import models from other CAD software to another FEA software. FEA also can be performed on increasingly affordable computer workstations and personal computers, and professional assistance is available 2.The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been widely implemented by automotive companies and is now used by design engineers as a design tool during the product development process. Some of modern FEA packages consist of detailed components such as thermal, electromagnetic, and structural working environments. In a structural simulation, FEA helps tremendously in producing stiffness and strength visualizations and also in minimizing weight, materials, and costs 3.FEA allows detailed visualization of where structures bend or twist, and indicates the distribution of stresses and displacements 3. FEA software provides a wide range of simulation options for controlling the complexity of both modelling and analysis of a system 3. In the same way, the accuracy level and associated computational time requirements can be managed all together to most engineering applications. FEA allows entire designs to be constructed, refined, and optimized before the design is manufactured 3.This powerful design tool has significantly improved both the standard of engineering designs and the methodology of the design process in many industrial applications 3. The introduction of FEA has significantly lessen the time to take pro ducts from concept to the production line. It is primarily through improved initial prototype designs using FEA that testing and development have been accelerated. In summary, benefits of FEA take increased accuracy, enhanced design and better insight into critical design parameters, virtual prototyping, fewer hardware prototypes, a faster and less expensive design cycle, increased productivity, and increased revenue 3.The definition of stress is a force exerted when one body or body part presses on, pulls on, pushes against, or tends to compress or twist another body or body part 4. A normal stress, s as defined asWhere dF is a differential normal force acting on a differential area dA. It can summarized that normal stress is s = P/A, where P is the resultant force on area A.2.4.2 Stress Von MissesThe stress von misses known as yield criterion suggests that the yielding of materials begins when the second deviatoric stress invariant reaches a critical value 5. wide-eyed equation s relate the bendable yield stress, shear yield stress and compressive yield stress to a material property. Von Misses stress is determined from the stress state as2.4.3 StrainStrain is a measure of intensity of deformation, which is an importance variable in the development of formulas used in the design against deformation failures 6. The change in structure shape can be described by the displacements of point on the structure. The strain, e as define asWhere, ?L represents the deformation of the line and Lo the original value.2.4.4 Tensile propertiesTensile properties illustrate the reaction from material to forces that applied in tension. A tensile test is a basic mechanical test where a carefully prepared example is loaded in a very controlled manner while measuring the applied load and the elongation of the specimen over some distance. Tensile tests are used to determine the modulus of expansileity, elastic limit, elongation, proportional limit, reduction area, tensile stre ngth, yield point, yield strength and other tensile properties 7.2.4.5 Elastic-plastic doingsElastic region is the region of the stress-strain curve in which the material returns to the undeformed state when applied forces are removed. The plastic region is the region in which the material deforms permanently. Yield point is the points separating the elastic from the plastic region 7. The elastic behavior, plastic behavior and yield point can be described from stress strain curve. The stress at yield point is called yield stress. The permanent strain when stresses are zero is called plastic strain. The stress strain curve describing an elastic plastic behavior for a ductile material is show in Figure 2.2.2.4.6 juvenilitys modulusYoungs modulus, E can be defined as the ratio of the uniaxial stress over the uniaxial strain in the range of stress in which Hookes Law holds 6. It is used to measure the stiffness of an isotropic elastic material. It also called as the modulus of elast icity, elastic modulus or tensile modulus. It can be represents the gradient of the straight line in a stress-strain curve. Since the calculation of Youngs modulus, E is equal to tensile stress dividing by tensile strainE = the Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity) (N/m).F = the force applied to the object, (N).A0 = the original cross-sectional area through the force applied, (m).?L = the amount by which the length of the object changes, (m).L0 = the original length of the object, (m).2.5 Material SelectionThe alluminium profane (6063 t5) was selected in chassis shell eco challenge. Because the characteristic of alluminium simply enough to produce high quality chassis. In addition, Aluminium is remarkable for the metals low density and for its ability to resist eating away due to the phenomenon of passivation. Structural components made from aluminium and its demoralizes are vital to the automotive industry and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materi als. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulphates.Aluminum may be the majority of plentiful steel within the Earths chocolate-brown crust area, and also the 3rd the majority of plentiful component, following air as well as silicon. This is the reason 8% through pounds from the Earths strong area. Because of simple avaibality, higher power in order to pounds percentage, simple machinability, long lasting, ductile as well as malleability aluminum may be the most favored non-ferrous steel within 2005 had been 31.9 million tonnes 3.2.5.1 Advantages of AluminiumAluminium is very light metal with a specific weight of 2.7 gm/cm3, about a third that of steel. For example the use of aluminium in vehicles reduces dead- weight and energy consumption while increasing load capacity. Its strength can be adapted to the application required by modifying the composition of its alloys. The application of light weight, strong and long lasting alumin ium alloy is shown in find 2.3 and 2.4 4.actually creates the protecting oxide layer and is highly corrosion resistant. It is especially helpful for application where protection and conservation are necessary needed. The application of highly corrosion resistance aluminium alloy is shown in embodiment 1.3 and 2.5. 4.Combining of aluminium and alloy will increased the strength and stiffness properties of aluminium compared to conventional metals and alloys. From the figure below can conclude that material aluminium have middle range of stiffness. In aspect of safety, the stress of chassis by using alluminium alloy in the high level safety. Alluminium alloy also can reduce the cost to build a racing car chassis. So far Alluminium alloy is the best material for the construction of vehicle chassis for Shell Eco-Marathon competition because many of benefits those have in combination of aluminium and alloys. The properties of alluminium alloy shown as in table 2.6 below.3.0 Preparation for Finite Element Analysis (chassis)Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is designed to help an engineer to understand the physical events that occur on the chassis or beam of the vehicle within designated objects. These events are related to the action and interaction of phenomena such as deformation, distorsion, crack and deflection due to the chassis. Because of the capabilities of the FEA software, FEA software now is very popular among the design engineer to help them in reduces cost because the actual simulation can be done before the design is modelled especially in automotive and aeronautic industry.In this project, the purpose of FEA simulation was to simulate the chassis car vehicle model similarity to the real situation. In other side, FEA is used to study strength of the chassis vehicle, to obtain the deformation of the beam section and can get the critical point due to load that applied to the chassis. The strain, reaction and element force also can get by doing the FEA metho d.The Finite Element Analysis was simulated by using software SOLIDWORKS 2010. In order to create the 3-D drawing for this simulation, SOLIDWORKS 2010 is used to draw the chassis due to complicated shaped and smooth surface. Then continue to make the simulation and analysis towards the completed drawing. To carry out the 3-D analysis, the work was divided into following physical process1. Define type of study.2. Create material defination.3. assert material properties.4. Assign fixed geometry.5. Apply the external loads.6. Create mesh for the subject.7. Process Analysis result.The sequences of simulation process are shown3.1 Create Model of UiTM Shell Eco-Sprint Chassis by Using CAD SoftwareThe selection of the 3-D drawing for Uitm Shell Eco-Sprint car software is due to the capabilities and user friendly factor of the software. In the development of the 3-D drawing for Uitm Shell Eco-sprint car is done by using SOLIDWORKS 2010 software.The figures 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 below show the isometric view, top view and side view of the Shell Eco-Sprint chassis.3.2 Analysis using SOLIDWORKS 2010 Software3.2.1 Step in the Finite Element AnalysisThere are seven important step in the finite Element Analysisi. Define type of study.This research focused on static study. Whenever a load to be put on the entire body, the body deforms and also the impact associated with lots is actually sent through the entire body. The actual exterior lots stimulate inner causes as well as responses in order to make your body right into a condition associated with balance 9.The main subjects that cypher in static analysis are stress, strain, displacement and reaction forces from the loads that applied on chassis. The static stady is showing in figure 3.5.ii. Create material defination.Before running the analysis, the material of chassis must be defined. This is very important step because there have much of material optional that can be choosing. Every material has different value of propert ies depend on analysis type. For example the static analysis stady is required a specific modulus elasticity value. Figure 3.6 below show how to create material definationiii. Assign material properties.The material that selected in this analysis is Aluminium Alloys 6063-T5. There have the specific value for elestic modulus, poissons ratio, density and yield strength that will be use for the analysis. The material properties show in figure 3.7 below.iv. Assign fixed geometry.After the material was selected, the chassis will be set up the fixed point. The fixed point usually located at tyre holder. There have four fixed points to be set up in this analysis. Two points located by the side of front chassis and balance located at the back chassis as in figure 3.8.v. Apply the external loads.The main objective of the analysis is to observe the deformation of chassis. The deformation of chassis is caused by the force that applied toward the chassis. So, there have triad external loads th at involve in this analysis. The loads are illustrated as in figure 3.9 and figure 3.10.Load Criteria Force(N)vi. Create mesh for the subject.Then, the program subdivides the model into small pieces of simple shapes connected at common points. This step called meshing process and the figure 3.11 below illustrate how to create mesh type.After all procedure has done, the analysis will run to get the result of analysis. The results can be visualized after the analysis was completed. Those results of analysis consist of displacement, stress, strain, and factor of safety.3.3 Analysis using ABAQUS 6.10 SoftwareABAQUS software can be a user-friendly non-linear specific aspect program code as it could manage the particular modeling treatments directly into web template staffs. Each and every element includes related tools to perform a certain process. This analysis focused to determine the maximum load and deflection of the beam section due to the load applied. There have 8 modules that mu st be following in finite element analysis by using Abaqus softwarei. Parts moduleii. Property moduleiii. Assembly moduleiv. Step modulev. Interaction Modulevi. Load modulevii. Mesh moduleviii. Load module3.3.1 Parts moduleFor the simulation analysis process, the model of beam will be simulated by using ABAQUS software. In order to run the simulation, the model will be imported into Geometry for model preparation. The 3-D model of tube hollow is constructing by using Solidwork2010 and converts to IGES rouse to be import into Abaqus 6.10. The figure 3.12 below show the part that imported will be in shell. The scale of import part will cypher it length by 0.001 because all dimensions in Abaqus are using in meter. The other parts that will involve in this analysis are two support span and the hammer that will contribute as force question on the beam. Those parts were defined as discrete rigid geometry in 3-D modeling space in Abaqus workbench.The material that has chosen on this cha ssis is aluminium alloy 6063 (T5). The material properties of aluminium alloy for general or mechanical (plastic and elastic) were filled up in this step as in figure 3.13 below. Those properties that must be filled up areI. DensityII. Youngs modulusIII. Poissons ratioIV. Yield stressV. Plastic stressbe change to other value as in figure 3.14 below. Then the assign section will apply into the beam to locate the material properties and the thickness value. In this module, the references point that locates at tools menu must be created to all parts except the beam.Figure 3.13 Material manager step.For the section manager step, the beam parts will set as homogeneous type. This is very important step where the value of shell thickness will ditermine and can3.2.3 Assembly moduleAll parts that created before will assemble together in this module. The instance parts will create and the position of parts will adjust using coordinates and translation command. There must have surface attain between parts and beam as shown in figure 3.15 below.3.2.4 Step moduleThis analysis focused on dynamic and explicit procedure. The time consequence will set at 0.03s as in figure 3.16 below. The incrementation and mass scalling will be in default setting.There have history outturn request to be create for this analysis. First output will set up for the whole model and the output variable selection is energy as in figure 3.17Then, the history output request for hammer only was set as second output. Therotations scope as in figure 3.18 below. The translational will define hammer movement by make x, y and z axis as references.output variables for the support part. Those outputs are reaction force and moment as in figure 3.19 below. The direction of the reaction will refer in x, y and z axis.3.2.5 Interaction moduleGeneral take (explicit) was selected to analysis the contact behavior of the beam as in figure 3.20. Then the contact property will create as a friction. The tangentional behavior and friction formulation with type penalty was selected to characterize the contacts between the beams and hammer during analysis. The friction coefficient was set at 0.25 as in figure 3.21 to avoid skid of the structure.3.2.6 Load moduleThe boundry condition is using to create a movement for every part. For the hammer, the displacement will set by 0.07m only in y-direction. The nix sign show the movement will in opposite of axis direction depend on the assembly model. The smooth step was selected for amplitude of movement as in figure 3.22. Besides, there have no movement for two support and was in fixed condition. So, the point for displacement and rotation tolerate zero for every direction and angle.3.2.7 Mesh moduleMeshing step is the program that subdivides the model into small pieces of simple shapes connected at common points. The sizes of mesh are depending on seed size. For this analysis, the seed size of beam was set to 0.005m. Next, the element type is explicit and the structure technique was selected as technique of mesh control. Then, the step will go trough by select the instance region to be meshing as in figure 3.23.After procedure in Geometry and Meshing was complete, the model now ready to simulate in Setup software in order to solve the appropriate problem and visualization the result. The step involves in Setup software is to define the properties, the physical condition, and the visualization scene.3.4 Experimentals PreparationThis subtopic will introduce about the procedure preparation for tensile test and flexural test experiment. These two experiments are related with the analysis that have done by using CAD software. And the result of the experiment is used to make a equality between the simulation results in Finite Element Analysis.The tensile test is probably the simplest and most widely used test to characterize the mechanical properties of a material. The setup for the test as described in this tutorial and as performed in the laboratory is based upon standards established by the American fiat for Testing and Material (ASTM). The main purpose of tensile test experiment is to get stress and strain of material. From there, the graph of stress against strain will be constructing and can obtain the stress-strain curve. The youngs modulus directly defined by calculating the slope of the stress-strain curve. Than the experimental value of the youngs modulus can be compare to the analysis value that use in finite element analysis.3.4.1 Material testing (Tensile Test)For the analysis beam, there will have a comparison between results of physical testing (tensile test) and FEA modelling result of the beam chassis. These steps are made in order to reduce any possible defect due to analysis that have constructed. From the Abaqus software there has material input to define youngs Modulus. To prove the values of theses material properties as provided by the manufactures would hopefully reduce the error betwe en modelled result and tested result for the chassis performance. So the youngs Modulus of alluminium alloy (6063 T5) can be calculated directly by doing tensile test experiment.The properties that measured from this experiment are ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. Beside that, those properties also can calculate possions ratio and yield strength of the materials. The figure 3.24 below show the schematic diagram of tensile test.3.4.1.1 Sample preparationThere have 5 samples that will contribute with tensile test experiment. The entire samples have same dimension and thickness. Because the only way to obtain the percise value is get the medium result of the samples. All of the samples that will run trough this experiment are already in dog bone profile as shown in figure 3.25.3.4.1.2 Method of Tensile Test Experiment.Firstly, the speciemens file is created and all the parameters were set-up before start the experiment. The speed that set in this te nsile test experiment is 5mm/min. So the speciemens start to install in dismay grip and leave upper grip open. Then close the upper grip until the speciemens perfectly grip with the upper and lower clamps as in figure 3.26. Then the experiment can be started by press start button until the test proceed through elastic range until yielding is clearly present on the scope.The main ojective of flexural testing is to determine parameters such as bend strength, yield strength in bending and elastic modulus. Regarding with the project, the flexural experiment is use to investigate response of metal when subjected to bending. Bending as well as flexure measurement can be far-flung throughout along with brittle resources as their multifunction behaviors are generally linear including concretes, stones, woodlands, pockets, cups along with ceramics. Other designs involving brittle resources including powdered ingredients metallurgy highly processed mining harvests along with resources tend t o be screened underneath anew transverse flexure. Bend over examination can be for that reason well suited for assessing energy involving brittle resources wherever model involving tensile examination response to a similar product can be tough on account of shattering involving specimens all-around specimen gripping.3.4.2.1 Sample prep

The Moon Landing Conspiracy Theory

The Moon Landing Conspiracy Theory tiptop Kaysing predicted in 1959 the chances of getting a composition to the synodic month and bet on was very low due to the radiation and micro meters that may harm any human being. Were two years later president J. F. Kennedy make his renowned speech saying that he will assign the USA with lots of recourses of get a man on the lunation before the ex was over .which was never d iodine before and although impossible at the time the project was so fascinating that everyone was talking about it out and everyone was waiting for the bite that rocket will dispatch off from earth to the unknown planet, the moon. Eight years later Apollo 11 took off to the moon carrying three cannonball along and came back down safely .so.neil Armstrong and his crew won the race against Russia .a lot of very persuasive evidence has been discovered and the people have queryed that America did send a man to the moon, and that was when the Apollo hoax was born. T here are three sources of evidence for this hoax Photographic, video, and scientific. Wide Spread ConspiracyIn this hoax picture that contractors, NASA tells everyone about the moon come conspiracy and pays them for their services that their not giving. Nasa makes an announcement to the public telling them that their making rocket parts. Then at the primary day of work they tell everybody in the factory that they are not re eithery making rocket parts and that if they cooperate they will be set for life. Employees that do not comply are threatened from NASA officials. The advantage to this is type of conspiracy that no real equipment has to be made, except for a rocket to go up and a Lander to come down.If we send six spacecrafts to the moon in ten years, then why in thirty years with so many technological advances why didnt they go back to the moon not compensate once? NASA argues that there was a funds cut .for the first ten years this coffin nail be rationaliseed after the Apollo bearings, because of the buildup of thermonuclear weapons would have cost money that could have been taken away(predicate) from NASA. But what happened during the other twenty years? Some groups say that the risks were too high to sustain another moon landing, but the risk was there the first time and it will always be there. A chance is that the technology available is up to now not enough for mankind to go to the moon, because we didnt go to the moon in the first place. Photographic Evidence Moon landing photographs are the main wrinkle for the Apollo conspiracy believers, as there are hundreds of moon photographs that have mistakes on them, for representative different shadow directions. Because of these mistakes the photos are believed thespian by the conspiracy followers. Those people explain why create fake photos of something that really happened? One of the most constant arguments is that the moon landing photos and videos are faked is simply that there are no stars in the sky which is impossible.Although scientists explain this phenomenon, arguing that the tv cameras used by the Apollo mission had manual blowzy filters, which is similar to a persons eye pupil, The Sun reflects off of the moons come up and the white suits of the astronauts. Making both remarkably bright, unlike the stars which are very far and so very dim .The cameras on the Apollo mission are practice on a bright setting, so the moon and the astronauts are visible but the stars are not visible because of the flood of alight from both the moon and astronauts even though there is an explanation for no stars, there are many other photos that look like they have multiple light sources glimmer on the surroundings, casting shadows in different directions even though the lie is the exclusively light source available on the moon , which the same scientists failed to explain .The conspiracy believers quarrel that the only possible way several light sources could be shining on the set, is if these photos and videos were taken in a movie studio in Hollywood. One of the biggest anomalies that appear on the Moon shots are the way in which shadows seem to be cast in totally different directions, even though the objects making the shadows are a mere few feet apart. An exampleof this is in one of the pictures where the shadow of the Lander is pointing east while the rocks which are a few meters away are pointing south-east. The conspirasitsts say that in order for this to happen they had to use more then one light source a trick producers use tohighlight certain(p) areas while shooting a movie . Another picture shows two astronauts with one of the astronauts shadows bent .scientists say that angled shadows come from one long bleached light work this explanation could work, as movie lights do cause this effect. Although this has to do with ones own opinion but the conspiracy theorists explanation could work. Another example is the picture of Earth taken from the Apollo 11 when it was 130,000 miles away. This was the very first view ever taken of Earth on the mission and in the picture the windowpane frame appears on the left of the shot which seems very strange as one would want to come as close as he can so one can get the best shot and also to eliminate any light reflections .but Buzz Aldrin, one of the astronauts on the mission and the one who took the shot , took it when he was standing far away from the window also the camera is not put to infinity to get the closest shot possible. furthermore According to nasa ,crosshairs were built inside the cameras that would help the astronauts calculate distances on the moon .having said that those crosshairs should be present on all the footage Furthermore on all Apollo footage there should be cross hairs present on the film Incidentally, Jan Lundberg, executive vice president and head of discovery research at Astra Zeneca has stated that the only way that one could calculate the dista nce in the shot using the crosshairs would be if one had two cameras set up to take a binaural picture. Moreover all of the crosshairs have disappeared from the film. This is impossible unless the film has been tampered with. Other than that all the crosshairs should be not hidden behind any item and should be solely observable in all shots. The only explanation is that NASA has either erased out certain objects in the film or added the objects over the crosshairs.Scientific evidence As a matter of fact the great variation in temperature that the films would have had to go through during the Apollo mission ranges between-180F degrees in the shade to an incredible -200F degree. As seen in some shots the astronauts move between the shadows of the rocks then into full sunlight definitely the film would have corroded under such circumstances. If the films used on that mission had such characteristics why isnt Kodak selling them today in the markets? Some of the lighting on the footage is very doubtful. One of the pictures shows the astronaut in complete shadow because the sun is behind him, although the whole astronaut is caught in vivid light The video cameras used on the mission were specially fitted with night lenses to enhance the lack of light because the reflectivity of light is very low on the moon that light does not reflect onto the rocks on the ground. Having said that how can still camera take photos so bright and clear that one can see all the details on aldrins suit and on the lunar Lander. This is only possible if the artificial lighting is used or it has been added to the photos, although NASA confirmed that absolutely no artificial light was used .how is it possible to have no artificial light and and the pictures are so bright that even aldrins boot protector is lit up.Dr. David groves that works for quantech image processing has studied these shots and using the focal length of the camera and he was able to get hold of the boot aldrin was wear ing and using these tools he was able to find the exact point at which the artificial light was used.Next comes the picture that shows neil Armstrong at landing site in the reflector of his visor. The stange thing about this photo is that the crosshair that is supposed to be in the middle appears at the bottom near aldrins right leg. How is that possible if the cameras where attached to the chest of the cameraman? A fact that is provable due to the reflection of the camera man in the visor.All this evidence suggests that man did not go to the moon and that all the films and pictures are fake because man would have to stay near the earths magnetic work for safety. But why would NASA fake and the US fake the moon landing?NASA MotivesThere are many theories concerning the motives of the USA government to the stage the moon landing .some of these are war prestige, monetary gain and they also used it as a distraction. It was a very important for the us government to win the race against the soviet union and they also used this incident to distract the world from the Vietnam war ,so missions were cancelled and so the united states took the chance and ceased its partaking in the Vietnam war. According to Bill Kaysing successful landings on the moon was calculated to be 0.017% which ensures that the chance of getting a man to the moon is almost impossible .30 billion was collected and stipendiary off to people as a motivation for their silence .at that time moon landing was impossible and still is impossible, but o cope with president kennedys promise the only solution was to make the world believe they landed on the moon when they actually did not .another reason NASA was forced to fake the moon landing to protect its image in front of the world and save itself from the embarrassment and their fear of national cautious.Did Man go to the Moon? It is a controversial issue, considering how absurd the question might first seem. Despite the loads of evidence available that prove that the moon landing was faked ,there is still a doubt about the whole issue

The Symbol of the South :: essays papers

The Symbol of the due southThe battle flag of the South stands above the capitol building in Columbia, SC. It waves proudly, echoing the lives and blood of work force who sacrificed e rattlingthing they were, and everything they had for something they believed in. They fought v altogetheriantly and bravely to nurture their homeland, and to gain independence of the Union. The flag stands there, not as a symbol of hate, racial inequality, or blood-thirsty war, but as a symbol reflecting the rich South and the men who gave everything for it. dour and discolor, Indian, Irish and English, so many fought in the war. Blacks stood, shoulder to shoulder, with white men. Their blood is embedded as deeply as any white mans in the flag of the Confederacy. We all bleed red, the blood of many races were mingled on those ghostly battlefields when the smoke cleared. Removing the flag from where it has stood for over 60 years would be equivalent saying that all of those men had given their lives for naught. Perhaps it would not have been best for the South to have won the war, but we should respect and uphold the men who fought so bravely for their cause. The mistaken stem that the Civil War was about slavery is one of the many causes that the flags right to be above the capitol is questioned. This mistaken idea often causes problems between the races of this state. Slavery was wrong. I would never try to justify it, because it can not be justified. It was simply wrong, God made us all equal. A human being was never intended to be treated like an animal, animals even were not meant to be treated like slaves. Slavery is a sensitive area, but the flag does not reflect this. The war was about the Souths right to make its own laws, and to be free from the Union. There were many Black soldiers there in the Confederacy of their own will. They loved the South just as any white man. The flag means to harm to black mass it is there representing many lives of blacks who died in the war as well Most of the white men who fought in the war did not even own slaves. The very high majority were not slave owners at all.

EMTs and EMS Stress Management :: Emergency Medical Services

In a perfect world, violence, plane crashes floods and other disasters would not occur. Disease and illness would be non-existent. Emergency medical work would not have a basis for fruition. Unfortunately, the world is not perfect place. EMTs and other EMS workers are vital to all societies globally. According to the American College of Emergency Physicians, the comment of an unavoidableness services is, Emergency services are those health care services provided to evaluate and treat medical conditions of recent onset and severity that would live on a prudent layperson, possessing an average knowledge of medicine and health, to believe that urgent and/ or unscheduled medical care is required. The following pages will illustrate the struggles of an emergency medical technician and other emergency medical service workers. Deciding to become apart of an EMS workforce is a life changing decision. One must scratch into consideration many factors that may hamper ones effort to execu te the job correctly. Violence against emergency workers continues to emerge (Anderson 1991). In recent years, EMTs and EMS workers have become targets in urban areas. EMS workers enter urban war zones daily and face many man made dangers. One peril an EMT may face is the continuing return of gangs. Gangs have branched out from big cities into smaller towns (Staten 1991). Frequently, EMS responders are attacked without provocation. In most cases, the EMS workers are responding to a call when they are ambushed by a innovation of things. It has been documented by the Emergency Net New Service that fire bombings on EMS workers and their vehicles have increased in at least ten major(ip) U.S. cities (Staten 1995). In addition, EMTs and EMS workers are faced with the dangers of driving into already volatile situations. For example, after the Rodney King verdict, cities such as Los Angeles, California and Atlanta Georgia erupted into massive riots. EMS responders were press into physica l danger. Both cities were set afire and gangs of people rushed to loot local stores (Feiner 10). EMTs and other EMS personnel put their lives in direct jeopardy to perform their jobs. Besides rioting and gang violence, EMS personnel are often faced with other more maniacal acts of violence, such as domestic terrorism. The most sorry example of this is the case of the bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The direct targets for this disaster were the civil servants that worked in the building.